Reducing government deficits Mitt Romney's way would mean less money for health care for the poor and disabled and big cuts to nuts-and-bolts functions such as food inspection, border security and education.
Romney
also promises budget increases for the Pentagon, above those sought by
some GOP defense hawks, meaning that the rest of the government would
have to shrink even more. Nonmilitary programs would incur still larger
cuts than those called for in the tightfisted GOP budget that the House
passed last month.
Differences over the government's budget and spiraling deficits are among the starkest that separate Republican Romney
and Democratic President Barack Obama. Obama's budget generally avoids
risk, with minimal cuts to rapidly growing health care programs such as
Medicare and Medicaid while socking wealthier people with tax increases. It's all part of an effort to close trillion-dollar-plus deficits.
Romney, by contrast, proposes broad cuts in government spending, possibly overpromising on reductions that even a Congress stuffed with conservatives might find hard to deliver.
His
campaign materials give relatively few specifics, other than a pledge
to bring total government spending down to 20 percent of the U.S.
economy by the end of a first term in 2016. That is roughly in line
with where it was during Republican George W. Bush's presidency.
Estimates
by the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office put current government
spending at $3.6 trillion, or about 23.5 percent of the gross domestic
product this year, slipping to 21.8 percent by 2016.
The math can
get fuzzy. But the Romney campaign says it needs to come up with $500
billion in cuts in 2016, the target year. Overall, Romney promises to
shrink the government by about one-seventh when compared against the
size of the economy.
The GOP front-runner suggests raising the Social Security retirement age and reducing cost-of-living increases for better-off retirees.
He generally endorses a plan by House Budget Committee Chairman Paul Ryan,
R-Wis., to gradually transform Medicare from a program that directly
pays hospital and doctor bills into vouchers for subsidizing future
beneficiaries in buying health insurance.
Because Romney promises
to protect current Social Security and Medicare recipients from cuts,
he cannot get much savings from those programs by 2016. Combined, they
are projected to make up about 44 percent of the budget that year.
Interest costs, which cannot be touched, would make up an additional 9
percent of the budget, while Romney promises to add almost $100 billion
to the Pentagon budget that year, based on his pledge that military
spending reach 4 percent of GDP.
So what's left to cut?
—MEDICAID:
The program now provides health care for about 50 million mostly poor
and disabled people, including nursing home care for 7 of 10 patients
nationwide. Obama's health care law sharply would sharply boost
Medicaid enrollment to cover more people above the poverty line, a move
that Romney promises to repeal.
Like House Republicans, Romney
promises to transform Medicaid into block grants for states and shed
federal supervision of it. He would cap the program's annual growth to
inflation plus a percentage point. His campaign says the approach would
unshackle states to innovate and, by the end of a decade, cut costs by
more than $200 billion a year.
Advocates for the poor say the
inevitable result will be that millions of people will be bounced from
the program. An Urban Institute study last year estimated that Ryan's
cuts would force between 14 million and 27 million people off of
Medicaid by 2021. Romney's budget would make deeper cuts.
—DOMESTIC
AGENCY BUDGETS: If Social Security is mostly off the table and current
Medicare beneficiaries are protected, domestic Cabinet agency budgets
would take a major hit in ways that could fundamentally alter
government. The future growth of those discretionary programs funded
through annual appropriations bills was already cut greatly in last
year's deal to raise the government's borrowing limit.
At issue
are these programs, just to name a few: health research; NASA;
transportation; homeland security; education; food inspection; housing
and heating subsidies for the poor; food aid for pregnant women; the
FBI; grants to local governments; national parks; and veterans' health
care.
Romney promises to immediately cut them by 5 percent. But
they would have to be cut more than 20 percent to meet his overall
budget goals, assuming veterans' health care is exempted. It's almost
unthinkable that lawmakers would go along with cuts of such magnitude
for air traffic control and food inspection or to agencies like NASA,
the FBI, Border Patrol and the Centers for Disease Control.
"It's
just not sustainable," said GOP lobbyist Jim Dyer, a former staff
director for the House Appropriations Committee. "What do you want to
do with the national parks? Which ones do you want to close? ...The
only way it adds up is if you go after the big, popular stuff, and
nobody talks about that now."
Among the few specific cuts listed
in Romney's campaign literature are proposals to cut the federal
workforce by 10 percent through attrition, eliminate federal family
planning money, privatize the money-losing Amtrak system and trim
foreign aid.
—OTHER BENEFIT PROGRAMS: Like Ryan's budget, the
Romney plan would also cut benefit programs other than Social Security
and Medicare. They include food stamps, school lunches, crop subsidies,
Supplemental Security Income for very poor seniors and disabled people,
unemployment insurance, veterans' pensions and refundable tax credits
to the working poor.
Based on the Romney materials, it's
impossible to project the size of the cuts to such programs. Suffice it
to say, they would be controversial.
"There's good reason why
Ryan's budget and the Romney budget don't have details," said Jim
Horney, a budget analyst with the liberal-leaning Center on Budget and
Policy priorities think tank. "If people knew what it would actually
have to be done to accomplish what they're saying should be done, it's
hard to imagine there would be widespread support for it."